Brandon Johns

I'm working on a paper which explores the distinction between refraining and non-performing. I'd be interested in hearing where intuitions lie with respect to the following scenario.

Agents Orange and Green are standing near the edge of a cliff. Orange points what he believes to be a loaded gun at Green. Orange then decides to toss the gun down the cliff. As it turns out, Orange's gun was not loaded.

Question: By tossing the gun down, has Orange refrained from acting in some way or other? If so, what did he refrain from doing?

Brief (or not so brief) intuition reports would be appreciated.